The Content

Introduction. The article substantiates the relevance of the study of the protection of Russia's national interests in the international arena by political parties, formulates the goals and objectives of the work, and points out the main formal and logical contradiction between parties and national interests.

Research methods. The methodology of studying the protection of Russia's national interests in the international arena by political parties is based on historical and retrospective approaches that allow us to see not only the logic of modern parties' actions in the international arena, but also to understand the reasons for their actions. A comparative analysis of the actions of political parties at the global level allows us to reveal what is special and common in their activities, as well as to generalize about the importance of political parties as social actors.

Discussion. Of the diverse fields of activity of political parties in international affairs, the research focuses on five aspects. First, the evolution of the formation of national interest in post-Soviet Russia is revealed, and the most important factors of party participation in protecting the interests of social groups and the Russian people as a whole are identified. Secondly, the independence or subjectivity of political parties in international affairs is revealed, and arguments about the interdependence of the state as the main element of the political system and parties are built. Thirdly, the historical experience of interaction between political parties of different states is summarized and the conclusion is drawn that the productive activity of parties can only be if national interests are protected. Fourth, the Special Military Operation was an event for political parties when most of
them recognized national interests as a priority over party goals. Fifth, Russia's political parties already have experience of acting as a «soft power» at the international level, but the potential opportunities in this area have not yet been fully exploited.

Conclusion. It is concluded that political parties, when expressing the interests of their electoral groups, should not conflict with the national interests of Russian society as a whole. By participating in integration processes at the international level, parties should not forget about Russia's national interests.

Keywords: national interests, political parties, Russia, pro-Russian forces, Special military operation, political actors, state.

Introduction. The article examines the current process of transformation of the Parliament of Kazakhstan in the context of political reforms and the adoption of a new Constitution in 2026. Mass unrest and conflicts in 2022 in Kazakhstan forced the authorities to carry out largescale political reforms that changed the political system and abolished the system of «dual power»
in the country. The culmination of political changes is the referendum and the likely adoption of a new Constitution of Kazakhstan. As a result of the proposed changes, various conditions and features of the power relations between the branches of government will be reviewed. The most serious changes will take place in relation to the Parliament of Kazakhstan, which will not only change its name, but also become a more open platform for political competition. The adoption of the new Constitution will abolish the presidential quota for seats in Parliament and will stop the practice of violating the principle of equal representation of citizens' interests in the legislature.

Methods. Based on the historical and comparative analysis of the construction of parliamentarism, it is possible to analyze the formation and functioning of parliament in the context of the upcoming constitutional amendment. This allows for an objective assessment of the prospects for democratizing decision-making and increasing competition between the country's parties.

Analysis. The article describes the results of political reforms in Kazakhstan that began after the «Bloody January» of 2022. The reforms were a forced reaction to the discontent of the population with the previous political situation of «dual power» and the dominance of officials of the previous leader in key positions in government.

Results. The objective need for the transformation of parliamentarism in Kazakhstan has been identified, arguments about the need to strengthen competition between parties for representation in parliament have been presented, and possible prospects for the development of multiparty system and political competition have been identified.

Keywords: parliament, political party, multiparty system, Kazakhstan, President, transformation, reforms, Constitution.

Introduction. The article studies the problem of legitimacy of political power in the conditions of modern society. This problem is realized theoretically in the works of scientists and researchers and requires coordination with our view of it, which means the need to consider and analyze the legitimacy of political power in the conditions of modern society. The article also describes various concepts of power, touching on the perspectives of various researchers. Various concepts of the legitimacy of political power are examined. In the article, the author provides general conclusions on the concepts of the development and elimination of power. The article contains a detailed examination of the issue of theoretical and methodological foundations for studying state power in the context of the legitimacy of the right to power.

Methods. In the course of scientific research, a complex of various methods was used: deduction, induction, comparative analysis of thematic literature of recognized studies, synthesis of the position concerning the development and scientific elimination of the power process within the framework of the analysis of the legitimacy of political power in the social sphere.

Analysis. A thesis is synthesized regarding the influence of the legitimacy of political power on the development and elimination of the power process. The development of the power process through the modernization of government bodies, the improvement of citizens' socioeconomic conditions, and the strengthening of the vertical power structure is clearly possible and not hindered by public approval of the government, rather than by popular resistance. The development of the power process is associated with changes in the operating conditions of the state's socio-political institutions. In the event of the elimination of the power process, the legitimacy of political power can be reflected in public rejection of the state's actions. In turn, the absence of a social contract hinders the development of socio-political institutions, resulting in stagnation of political processes and, in some cases, the degradation and disappearance of the state. However, it is worth noting that in this context, one can also argue for the ongoing development of the power process through the destruction or modification of the previous iteration of power.

Conclusions. Only a specific power process, generated by the emergence of a specific state and developed within specific power institutions, is eliminated. The general nature of the power process in this version presupposes constant development, regardless of the changing political environment.

Keywords: legitimacy, politics, power, society, state.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of factors affecting the level of citizens' trust in the internal affairs bodies. The author analyzes the key determinants of trust in the police, taking into account three levels of influence: individual (victimization, socio-demographic characteristics, and personal experience of interaction), institutional (perception of procedural justice and competence), and socio-media (media consumption).

Methodology and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the principles of an interdisciplinary approach. The multifaceted nature of the problem has led to the use of a number of theories and methodological approaches developed in classical and modern sociology: structural-functional analysis; symbolic interactionism and the methodology of studying total institutions; the theory of structuration; the methodology of sociological diagnostics of trust. Research methods: analysis of statistical information, collection of primary sociological information using survey methods, and factor analysis of primary sociological information.

Analysis. This article is the result of data analysis obtained during the next wave of the annual longitudinal monitoring, which has been conducted at the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia since 1994.

Results. The results of the study show that the perception of procedural justice and the quality of contacts with the police are the strongest predictors of trust. Based on the analysis of sociological studies conducted by the author of this publication, practical recommendations have been formulated to increase the legitimacy of the police: strengthening the standards of procedural justice, transparency, and accountability of the police, developing feedback mechanisms, and implementing targeted communication strategies.

Keywords: public opinion, internal affairs bodies, police, trust, social media, procedural justice, sociological research.

Introduction. The contemporary stage of geopolitical relations is characterized by the shift of the main confrontation from the physical sphere to the cognitive domain, where the targets of influence are the mechanisms of thinking, decision-making, and the value structures of the population. Children and youth represent the most vulnerable category, as their psychological and cognitive systems are still in the process of formation.

Methods. The study is based on an interdisciplinary synthesis of post-structuralist philosophy (Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari), critical media theory (Noam Chomsky), the anthropological approach (Yuval Noah Harari), the theory of reflexive control (Vladimir Lefebvre), the theory of cognitive matrices (Vardan Bagdasaryan), the operational analysis of information operations (Andrey Manoilo), the concepts of cognitive sovereignty (Vladimir Nikishin) and mental security (Andrey Kovalev), as well as on the analysis of Russian Federation documents, NATO materials, and data from empirical studies.

Analysis. It examines NATO’s concept of cognitive warfare (three levels of impact – biological, psychological, and social – and the notion of cognitive superiority), as well as the NextGen Information Environment documents (neuro-warfare and agent-based systems). The theory of reflexive control developed by Vladimir Lefebvre is discussed, and the technological implementation of reflexive control through AI algorithms is analyzed, including semantic data filtering, ontological framing, and epistemic colonialism. The author proposes a model of five levels of cognitive impact. Particular attention is paid to digital threats affecting children and youth: the neurophysiological vulnerability of the developing brain, Global Mind Project data on the critical age of 13, dopaminedriven dependency, clip thinking, self-harm, and official statistics on rising crime rates. The paper also proposes strategies of active counteraction, including ten steps for parents, recommendations for educators and the state, the concept of cognitive sovereignty, and engagement with opinion leaders.

Conclusions. Cognitive warfare is conducted against every citizen, beginning in childhood. Effective protection requires a transition toward the proactive development of cognitive resilience based on the principles of cognitive sovereignty.

Keywords: cognitive security, cognitive warfare, reflexive control, cognitive matrices, five levels of impact, semantic filtering, cognitive sovereignty, digital threats to children.

Introduction. The article examines the problem of negative self-reference in legal norms, logic, and epistemology, which creates fundamental vulnerabilities in social and formalsystems (e.g., the paradox of the self-repealing of the basic law, Russell's and Gödel's paradoxes). These vulnerabilities can be exploited against the interests of society, which emphasizes the practical significance of finding ways to eliminate them.

Methods. The study was conducted using a complex of theoretical methods, including logico-semantic analysis, the method of formalization, and the axiomatic method. A key element was the method of critical analysis applied to the revision of Cantor's diagonal method. The materials included works by Cantor, Russell, Whitehead, Gödel, Wittgenstein, and contemporary authors on the digitalization of law.

Results. The work identifies a vulnerability in Cantor's proof of the existence of uncountably infinite sets. This challenges the established scientific paradigm and removes the fundamental restriction imposed by Gödel's theorems on the completeness of higher-order predicate calculi.

Conclusion. The findings reveal a theoretical possibility for the syntactic isolation and elimination of negative self-references in semantic constructions, including legal norms. This allows for the creation of more reliable, complete, and paradox-proof legal and management systems. Self-abrogation paradox, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, Cantor's diagonal

Keywords: argument, Completeness of calculi, Logico-semantic analysis, Digitalization of law.

Introduction. This article explores the crisis of modern communication, manifested in the growth of misunderstandings and conflicts in the context of «hypercommunication.» The relevance of this work stems from the identified contradiction between technological progress in communications and the declining qualitative characteristics of human communication. The goal is to identify patterns of sensory and linguistic reduction in the history of communication and to substantiate the need to synthesize traditional and new forms to achieve mutual understanding.

Methods. The study utilizes an interdisciplinary approach, integrating linguistics, the philosophy of language, communication theory, cultural studies, and the Indian philosophical tradition. Comparative historical methods, semiotic and pragmalinguistic analysis, and elements of discourse analysis are applied.

Analysis. A linguosensory typology of communication has been developed, spanning four historical periods. A consistent trend toward a narrowing of the spectrum of sensory modalities, from the polysensory nature of the ancient world to a reduction to predominantly two channels in the modern digital environment, has been identified. A correlation between sensory reduction and the transformation of linguistic structures is established. A hypothetical «40 % perception» model is introduced to illustrate the scale of sensory losses. The integration of Eastern philosophical traditions is proposed as an alternative model for understanding holistic, sensory-rich communication.

Results. The study confirms the hypothesis of a profound gap between technological progress in communication and the quality of human communication, caused by sensory reduction and corresponding linguistic transformations. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the development of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of communication and the substantiation of the
potential of multisensory linguistics. It is concluded that overcoming the crisis of modern communication requires restoring the sensory fullness of experience through a synthesis of technological innovations and traditional, including Eastern, models of holistic communication.

Keywords: communication, sensory reduction, digital age, linguistic transformations, historical typology, emoji, clip consciousness, Indian philosophy of language.

Introduction. The country's socioeconomic development continues to lag behind global average growth rates, largely due to the underestimation of land resource potential and ineffective land management. To analyze risks and assess the magnitude of losses from inefficient land use, it is advisable to apply a logical-probabilistic approach. This approach allows us to identify the main factors causing the decline in agricultural production, determine the most significant measures to mitigate their adverse impact, and identify reserves for economic growth.

Research Materials and Methods. Modern logical-probabilistic risk models can be adapted to analyze the impact of various risks on economic development, the efficient use of land resource potential, and agricultural output. Identifying the main types of risks arising from land resource management, determining the probability of their occurrence, and the expected percentage of loss of profitability makes it possible to forecast the dynamics of agricultural development indicators and build effective land use models.

Analysis. High rates of economic growth in the country have not been achieved over the past 25 years. Land use has largely been conducted without regard for environmentally acceptable standards, creating a real threat of land degradation and a general decline in agricultural productivity. This necessitated the development of a land doctrine that would ensure the transformation of the entire land management system to preserve soil fertility and increase the country's land resource potential.

Results. The transition to a sustainable land management system will enable the annual production of additional high-quality produce and ensure an 8.8 % increase in the economic performance of the agricultural sector, while the average annual economic growth rate will increase by 0.32 %. By increasing the role of the agricultural sector in the national economy, thanks to effective management of land resource potential, the country's national output growth rate could increase by more than one percent.

Keywords: economic growth, land resource potential, land management, land degradation, logical-probabilistic risk models, probability of adverse events, agricultural output.

Introduction. This article examines the specific features of the development of the financial technology (fintech) industry in advanced economies. Fintech has become one of the key drivers of financial market transformation, contributing to the development of digital financial services, improving the accessibility of financial services, and introducing innovative solutions into the financial system.

Methods. The study employs general scientific research methods, including analysis and synthesis, comparative and structural analysis, as well as statistical and graphical data analysis. A comparative assessment of international experience in the development of the fintech industry in advanced economies was conducted in order to identify common patterns and specific features of fintech ecosystem functioning.

Analysis. The paper analyzes the main trends in the development of the fintech industry in leading economies, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, France, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Australia. Particular attention is paid to investment activity in the fintech sector, institutional aspects of innovation regulation, and demand factors for digital financial services. The authors examine the impact of the fintech industry on the development of financial markets and financial stability, as well as identify key drivers and risks in the development of fintech ecosystems.

Results. The analysis identifies key characteristics of fintech industry development in advanced economies, including a high level of investment activity and the active role of regulators in shaping innovation infrastructure. It is established that fintech development contributes to improving financial inclusion and diversifying the financial sector, while simultaneously generating new risks associated with cybersecurity and alternative financial services.

Keywords: financial technologies, fintech industry, digital financial services, fintech investment, financial stability, fintech regulation, advanced economies, financial sector innovation.

Introduction. The introduction explains the relevance of research into population forecasting in small Russian towns. This section emphasizes the special status of small towns as a system-forming element of the regional economy; analyzes current population forecasting methods; and formulates the objective of the study, which is to assess the representativeness of forecasting methods for developing population forecasts, taking into account the specific characteristics of small towns.

Methods. To achieve this objective, general scientific and specialized methods were used, including time series extrapolation and regression analysis.

Analysis. The article presents the results of an assessment of the representativeness of various population forecasting methods using the city of Uryupinsk as an example. A forecast of the total population and economically active population of Uryupinsk through 2030 is developed. It is shown that the use of the extrapolation method for developing demographic forecasts in small
towns allows for objectively anticipating labor force availability issues.

Results. The study identified problems with population forecasting in small Russian towns. It was shown that the use of some forecasting methods is irrational due to the limited socioeconomic potential of small towns and the low variability of factor indicators.

Keywords: small towns, demographic forecast, regional economy, labor force.

Introduction. Contemporary trends in Russia's innovative development are determined by the necessity of adapting to systemic challenges and sanction restrictions. Internal imbalances and a weak correlation between investment and performance results in the regions necessitate the search for new management models. This work explores the specifics of innovative activity in the Volgograd Region under conditions of stringent resource constraints and the objective of ensuring the country's technological sovereignty.

Methods. The methodological toolkit is based on a systems approach, statistical methods, and rank analysis using Rosstat data. A comparative interregional analysis of indicators from the Volgograd Region and comparable leading regions was applied. The study of dynamic series from 2014 to 2024 included the construction of linear trends, dynamic indices, and the use of Pareto analysis elements to assess resource concentration. The statistical toolkit ensured the objective verification of hypotheses concerning the nature of the regional innovation system's development amidst mounting external sanctions and other influencing factors.

Analysis. The research design is based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of innovation activity indicators in the Volgograd Region versus other subjects of the Southern Federal District. The main body of the work focuses on the quantitative identification of correlations between the volume of innovative output, the scale of fixed capital investment, and the level of innovation activity among organizations. The author analyzes structural changes in the regional innovation system over a ten-year period. The study examines the phenomenon of maintaining positive trends in innovative output and innovation activity levels despite a decline in the proportion of organizations engaged in technological innovation.

Results. An adaptive inertia model of development for the Volgograd Region has been identified. It is substantiated that growth in the volume of innovative goods is primarily achieved through organizational and marketing innovations, without the expanded reproduction of a new technological base. The conclusion is drawn that the current model ensures short-term performance but creates risks of «technological stagnation.» A transformation of investment policy is required to facilitate a transition toward a qualitative renewal of the region's technological foundation.

Keywords: innovative development and activity, trend, rank analysis, forecast, adaptive model, inertia model, investment, Pareto concentration, technology.