The Content

Introduction. The article examines the ideology of modern Russia, reveals the patterns of transformation and elimination of causality of ideologies in various social systems. The characteristic of the Soviet ideology based on the theoretical postulates of Marxism is given, and the peculiarities of the ideology of modern Russian society are revealed. 

Research methods. The methodology of the study of the transformation and elimination of causality of ideology is based on the presence of three forms of being – nature, society, culture, which allows us to consider the modern individual as a whole consisting of natural, social and human components. The methods of historical and logical analysis of the cause-and-effect interrelations of ideology with an infinite variety of social relations have revealed the main patterns of evolution and involution of ideology in modern Russia.

Discussion. The discussion about ideology was based on theoretical concepts about the disappearance of ideology in civilized states. The argument is expanded that such statements are one of the variants of ideology. A version of the formation and development of ideology is presented, the patterns of the destruction of Soviet ideology are revealed, and the objective need for constant correction of the ideology of modern Russian society is shown. A critical understanding of the relationship between power and ideology, «humanistic ideology» has allowed it to be interpreted as an integral attribute of any social system, but for humans it is losing its relevance.

Conclusion. When solving the problem of transformation and elimination of causality of ideologies, it was possible to establish that ideology was and will be in social systems. However, the further development of mankind is not related to ideological attitudes, since it occurs in the form of culture, therefore, the priority in the life of a modern individual changes – cultural relationships come to the fore, and ideology as a socio-political phenomenon is pushed into the background.

Keywords: ideology, causality, transformation, elimination, state, man, culture.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of the growing «fashion for tradition» among modern Russian youth. The authors of the publication attempt to identify the key areas of everyday life in which this trend finds its expression. A significantplace is given to the attempt to conceptualize the concept of «tradition» in the context of youth perception. Within the framework of the «tradition/modernity» dichotomy, special attention is paid to the role of civic identity as a significant factor influencing interpretations and practices of traditional expression.

Methodology and methods. The methodological basis of the research is a synergetic approach combining elements of symbolic interactionism and social constructivism. Combining these approaches makes it possible to interpret the object of research as artificially constructed (both by political actors and by ordinary people, including young people) and functioning in a special symbolic space. The specific research methods were a representative telephone survey (n=1200) and three focus groups with youth representatives of different age cohorts.

Analysis. While maintaining significant intergenerational differences in assessments of the importance of observing traditions and spiritual principles, research data demonstrate an increasing trend towards the practice of representing traditionalism in culture. The trend is being formed under
the influence of government structures that set themselves specific tasks: solving the problems of low fertility and the formation and strengthening of civic identity. At the same time, tradition does not become the reason for the mass formation of countercultures, but is organically integrated into youth everyday life, which is manifested in an increased interest in national cuisine, music, films and other cultural products.

Results. The intermediate conclusions of the study fix the existence of a duality of the indicated trend towards «Russianness». On the one hand, it acts as an identification resource, a way of expressing something special, as an object of pride in the uniqueness of culture in the context of an
identification crisis (as an attempt to overcome it). On the other hand, some young people perceive this trend as an imposed, synthetic construct that has no real historical basis. This ambivalence reflects the complex and heterogeneous nature of the processes of formation and expression of traditionalism among modern Russian youth.

Keywords: traditional values, Russian culture, patriotism, youth, modern Russia, Russianness, identity, national culture.

Introduction. This paper examines the uses, potential, and limitations of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, with a focus on foreign language teaching.

Methods. The study analyzes current practices and standards for using AI in universities in Russia and Kazakhstan, reviews specialized AI tools, and examines data systems from empirical research in digital didactics.

Results. The key benefits of AI were identified, including the automation of routine tasks, personalized learning, and the generation of educational materials. Key risks were analyzed, including threats to academic integrity, reduced student mental workload, the development of an «illusion
of competence», data unreliability, and legal and ethical challenges. An overview of AI tools used to develop language competencies was presented. Ways to integrate AI through innovative assessment forms and improving the digital literacy of teachers are proposed. Particular attention is paid to the Speechify and ElevenLabs tools for developing language skills.

Conclusion. The authors conclude that a balanced approach is needed, combining pedagogical innovation with the preservation of students' intellectual independence. The authors propose ways to integrate technology into education, particularly through the development of unique assignments resistant to automated processing, improving teachers' digital literacy, and the use of AI in mandatory assessment of student work.

Keywords: Generative Neural Networks, Teaching Methods, Digital Didactics, GenerativeLanguage Models, Academic Integrity, Neural Network Technologies in Linguistics.

Introduction. Currently, there is a transformation of the management of the regional employment market. This necessitates the development of methodological approaches used for this purpose. The purpose of this study is to propose directions for their modification. The hypothesis is that in order to harmonize the state of the labor market, it is necessary to form competencies related to the transition between the formal and informal employment sectors, as a mechanism that ensures income, stability of the socio-psychological state, and self-realization of the individual.

Materials and methods. The study uses the neo-Keynesian, neoclassical, and institutional approaches, as well as behavioral economics. It employs monographic and statistical methods, as well as project management algorithms. The study details the regulatory framework and performs statistical calculations based on data from the Volgograd Region for the period 2022–2025.

Results. The specifics of employment in the Volgograd region: more than 70 % of the population works in the formal sector, but its share is decreasing as the share of the informal sector is increasing. Of these, about three-quarters are self-employed and do not use hired labor, with no more than 50 % of them being platform workers. The peak of informal employment and unemployment occurs between the ages of 30 and 39. The interaction between employment in the formal and informal sectors of the economy is determined by: 1) macroeconomic factors (GDP, unemployment rate, and wages), and 2) individual behavioral patterns that stabilize the share of the informal sector. Currently, the informal sector is becoming subject to government regulation, but there are different perspectives on its future development.

Conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions and recommendations. The need to create conditions for flexible flows of employees between sectors has been substantiated. A program has been developed to form a concept for managing the region's human resources. The preparation of the working-age population for work in the informal sector has been taken into account. Opportunities have been provided to meet the economic needs of solving personnel problems in the formal sector.

Keywords: formal sector of the economy, informal sector of the economy, platform employment, state regulation of the labor market and employment.

Introduction. The purpose of this article is to determine the characteristics of the age structure of the population of Russia, identify the predominant age groups, as well as analyzecurrent trends in changes in the age structure and determine the factors determining the process of population aging.

Methods. The article utilized statistical and comparative analysis methods, as well as graphical research techniques. A comparative analysis of population structure data was conducted for Russia, Japan, India.

Analysis. An analysis of the age structure of the Russian population revealed features such as a wave-like age structure, a consequence of a number of historical and socioeconomic factors. The trend of population aging in Russia has been confirmed. The dynamics of the ratio of the working-age to non-working-age population were examined. Certain common trends in population aging were identified, similar to those in developed countries, particularly Japan.

Conclusions. The results of the study can be used in the future for a more detailed study of the impact of the age structure of the Russian population on the economy, and in the development of programs and measures aimed at increasing economic stability and minimizing the negative consequences of population aging.

Keywords: population, demography, age structure, age composition, population aging, demographic trends.

Introduction. The article examines the transformation processes in the labor market of the younger generation in the Russian Federation. The level of education, preferences and expectations of young people, and macroeconomic factors all have an impact on the employment of the younger generation, as well as on the parameters of employment and unemployment, and the resulting tension in the labor market. This creates a modern model of behavior that should be studied from all angles and on an ongoing basis.

Methods. The quantitative research methods used allowed for the transformation of the youth labor market in the Russian Federation, identifying current threats. The comparative method and economic and statistical approaches allowed for the identification of patterns in the past and the prediction of future scenarios for the development of the youth labor market.

Analysis. The article analyzes the level of official unemployment and the dynamics of the total workforce, the workforce by age group, the number of new and retired employees, the unemployment rate by age group, and the duration of job search by age group. The article also identifies the proportion of employed graduates, compares the employment of graduates of higher education and the employment of graduates of secondary vocational education, and provides an analysis of migration flows and population parameters in the age group of 14-35 in the Volgograd Region.

Results. Young people are forced to be more mobile, which allows them to quickly find new jobs, but high unemployment rates show that young people do not stay in these jobs for long due to a lack of fit with expectations and skill levels, and as a result, they are more likely to remain unemployed, albeit for shorter periods. However, the job market is eager for young professionals, and with the right mindset and commitment to personal growth, career expectations can be met.

Keywords: population employment, young people in the labor market, unemployment, and the workforce.

Introduction. In the context of globalization of the economy and rapid development of high technologies, intellectual property has become a key strategic resource for the state. Effective protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity directly affects innovation activity, investment attractiveness, and the stability of the competitive environment. Studying international experience allows us to identify successful approaches to the regulation and protection of intellectual rights that can be applied to improve the national system of protection of RID.

Methods. The article uses methods of comparative and structural analysis, induction and deduction, economic and statistical approaches, as well as an analysis of international and national practices of intellectual property protection.

Analysis. Based on statistical data from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and national patent offices, the article analyzes the dynamics of patent activity, trademark registration, and industrial design registration in the leading countries of the world. Special attention is given to Asian countries, including China and India, as well as the United States and the European Union. The article identifies key trends, such as the growth of high-tech and digital intellectual property, the increasing role of the government in promoting innovation, and the development of specialized R&D support infrastructure.

Results. It has been established that increasing the level of intellectual property protection contributes to increased investment in R&D, accelerates the development of high-tech industries,and strengthens the competitiveness of national economies. China is characterized by a sharp increase in patent activity and the establishment of technology parks, while the EU is characterized by a steady increase in the use of R&D in industry and trade, and the United States is characterized by a utilitarian approach to copyright and a comprehensive system of patent protection. These findings can be used to improve national strategies for regulating intellectual property and supporting the innovation economy.

Keywords: intellectual property, patent activity, trademark registration, industrial designs, international experience, and the innovative economy.

Introduction. Investments, in general, as well as those aimed at implementing innovative projects and local economic solutions, in particular, have always been a driver of socioeconomic development in the country, individual regions of Russia, macro-regions, territorial entities, and manufacturing and trade enterprises. The rapid changes in all areas of human and social life necessitate the concentration of all types of resources on providing systematic support for investment activities and solving innovative problems. The presented study contains a snapshot of current data on the dynamics of the «investment and innovation saturation» indicators in the regions of the Russian Federation and an analysis of their changes in the context of the desire to achieve high results in the real sector of the economy and the social segment.

Methods. In the course of solving research tasks, a set of methodological tools was applied, which made it possible to identify the main trends within the chosen problem and the range of issues under consideration, to determine the causes of their occurrence and the factors of change. These include: analysis of scientific literature and data from official sources, including websites of government agencies, economic calculations, statistical methods, a systematic approach, analysis of empirical material, and synthesis for drawing conclusions and making suggestions.

Analysis. The level of development of the national economy at the federal and regional levels is characterized by a set of macroeconomic indicators that are monitored by Rosstat and grouped for the purposes of analysis, planning, and forecasting as part of the state management of socioeconomic processes in the country, its constituent entities, and municipalities. These indicators include gross domestic product, gross regional product, investments in fixed assets, and the volume of innovative goods (works, services). This is by no means a complete list of indicators that characterize the state of affairs in the economy and social sphere. However, it is the values of these indicators that reflect the opportunities and prospects for creating favorable conditions for the production of domestic goods, increasing domestic production, improving the quality of life for citizens, and, as a result, achieving the national development goals of the Russian Federation, as defined by Presidential Decree No. 309 of May 7, 2024, «On the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 and Beyond 2036» [4].

Conclusions. The dependence of the key indicators of the development of the constituent entities of Russia, according to the calculations made on the basis of statistical data for the analyzed period, is traced and quite pronounced. At the same time, there is no direct proportional relationship here due to the simultaneous mutual influence of a whole number of factors that determine the cause-and-effect relationships.

Keywords: investments, innovations, investment activity, innovative activity, state management of socio-economic processes at the federal and regional level.

Introduction. The refusal of foreign investors to fulfill their previously assumed obligations in the Russian Federation as a result of sanctions restrictions on the one hand, and the infringement of the rights of Russian capital abroad on the other, have exacerbated the problem of creating effective international regulation of the cross-border investment process and the balanced nature of the powers of participants in such relations. Meanwhile, such a conflict is not new, Latin American states had to go through something similar in the last and the century before that. In this regard, a retrospective analysis of the experience of these countries allows, in our opinion, not only to optimize the domestic investment legislation of the Russian Federation, but also to form a more balanced international cooperation of our country in this area. It is precisely aspects of this kind of problem that this study is devoted to.

Methods. The research is based on the application of logical, historical, dialectical techniques and methods of scientific knowledge, comparative legal and legal-technical analysis of texts of normative acts.

Analysis. The analysis of the legal regulation of international investment relations was carried out on the basis of consideration of the process of creating and improving minimum civilized and national standards for such activities, in the context of the appearance of the Monroe, Calvo and Drago doctrines, as well as their subsequent transformation in the work of the Permanent Court of International Justice, established by the League of Nations.

Results. The conducted research allowed us to draw several final conclusions. First, the opposition in the international community during the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries between advocates of investor rights and defenders of the rights of the recipient country led to the development of a compromise version of the minimum standard of civility in cross-border investments. Some elements of such rules remained at the level of ordinary norms, some of them were fixed either in unified agreements or were confirmed by judicial practice. Generalized versions of such astandard can be reduced to three rules: (1) compliance with the principle of legality, namely: the investor must respect and not violate the laws and customs of the host State; and the recipient State is obliged to provide such a person with a legal status not lower than the national regime. Measures affecting the rights of foreign investors should be based on the norms of law and applied on the basis of the procedure established in the law. (2) The recipient State has the right to seize the property of a foreign investor located within its borders on the grounds of nationalization, requisition and confiscation, only in those cases that are fixed in the norms of international law. (3) A foreign investor must have the opportunity to have disputes arising from cross-border investment dealt with fairly and unhindered before the competent court of the State receiving the investment. Only after the complete exhaustion of domestic ways to protect their interests, the investor has the right to apply to the competent international arbitration authorities. Secondly, these rules, against the background of violations of the rights of domestic investors in unfriendly countries and unscrupulous behavior of foreign investors in the territory of the Russian Federation, as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, look quite topical. Therefore, the issue of forming a single unified agreement (or several similar agreements) on the level of effective regulation of the international investment process and protection of the rights of its participants is currently relevant.

Keywords: investor's state (donor state), investor, Drago doctrines, Calvo doctrines, Monroe doctrines, international investment, minimum civilized standard, nationalization, national standard, legal status of foreign persons, host state (recipient country), principle of national regime, retorsions, reprisals, Hull formula.