The Content

Introduction. As a basis for the philosophical identification of history, the article suggests ways and forms of solving the problem of complexity, which refers to the number of elements of a social system and the ways of communication between them. The type of complexity faced by modern humanity at the group and individual levels is characterized by the emergent nature of the events taking place, that is, the lack of the necessary causal connection between the whole and its constituent elements. The method of solving the problem of complexity practiced in traditional and modern society through its simplification using a reductive methodology is not applicable to emergent phenomena. Postmodernity considered complexity and uncertainty as its consequence to be a normal state and refused to search for stable forms of unity and integrity. Metamodernism is considered one of the contenders for the role of social metatheory, however, the ways proposed by its authors to solve the problem of emergent complexity remain within the framework of the postmodern model. The concept of "common sense", which is analyzed in this article, seems more promising.

Methods. The work used deductive-nomological and comparative methods, which were used to identify the problem of complexity as the main source of uncertainty and associated risks and dangers. As a result of comparing the ways of solving the problem of complexity in traditional, modern and postmodern societies, common and special features in each of them are revealed.

Analysis. The problem of identification of the modern era is formulated as a contradiction between the ontology of sociocultural existence, which is represented by a multitude of heterogeneous objects that are not interconnected by necessary relationships, and the lack of epistemological, logical and linguistic tools for accessing these objects. The characteristic features of modernity as a new level of complexity are identified and investigated, approaches to its organization proposed in the literature are considered, and their assessment is given.

Results. It has been established that the main ontological feature of the modern era is the level of complexity achieved by it, characterized by the emergent nature of the relationship between people's actions and their results. Its catalyst is the digital revolution and the technologies based on it. The search for sustainable forms of unity that are necessary to solve global, local and individual problems is impossible without lowering the level of complexity. One solution may be to turn to the concept of "sensus communis".

Keywords: modernity, modernity, postmodernism, metamodernism, complexity, uncertainty, emergence, common sense.

Introduction. The article, based on a critical analysis of the range of opinions on the compatibility of democracy with Islam, the peculiarities of the Islamic understanding of the state-political organization of the life of the Muslim Ummah, and consideration of the modern experience of reforming individual Islamic states, identifies the importance of implementing democratic reforms in them, which, firstly, must correspond to the fundamental principles of Islam, its ideological and political values, and secondly, take into account the peculiarities of their history, culture, and political traditions.

Methods. A comparative analysis of the interaction of democracy with Islam allows us to discover not only general political trends in a number of societies, but also to record the patterns of socio-political processes, and the historical and cultural approach makes it possible to predict the future of social systems where Islamic values dominate.

Discussion. The study highlights the ambiguous consequences of democratic reforms carried out in Muslim countries by copying the institutions of liberal democracy that have proven effective in Western countries and are presented as universal democratic values that need to be adopted by all countries and peoples of the world.

Conclusions. The article establishes that the reason for the contradictory nature of democratic reforms implemented in Islamic countries is, among other things, the lack of an adequate understanding of the essence of Islamic democracy, which correlates with Islamic values, from which the urgent need for the unification of efforts of Islamic intellectuals to develop a political theory of Islamic democracy is derived.

Keywords: Islam, power, form of government, political regime, ideology, democracy, liberalism, Islamic democracy.

Introduction. The article reveals the features of the transformation of political institutions and processes in modern Kazakhstan, special attention is paid to the technologies of modernization of the political system of Kazakh society, which is relevant and significant for the practice and theory of political relations of modern states. The search for optimal ways of political development of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization, a complex international situation is underway, the interdependence of internal and external factors in the construction of a democratic state in Kazakhstan is revealed.

Methods. Based on a systematic approach to understanding the functioning of the political system, it is possible to carry out a critical analysis of the functioning of government bodies and public organizations, and the use of the comparative method allows us to understand and reveal the patterns of transformation of modern political institutions.

Analysis. The article narrates about the relationship between power and the people, reveals the general positions of political imbalance in Kazakh society and provides vivid examples of specific contradictions between government structures and various social groups. A special place in political processes is given to President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, who consistently pursues a policy of strengthening people's trust in the government by increasing the responsibility of officials and government agencies in the performance of their official duties.

Results. An objective need for the transformation of political institutions in Kazakhstan is identified, arguments are presented about the need to change the forms of relationships between government bodies and civil society institutions, possible options for improving the functioning of the political system of the studied society are identified.

Keywords: political institutions, Kazakhstan, authorities, public organizations, president, protests, transformation.

Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of the concept of "image of the future" and its influence on the external positioning of the urban and national (national) identity of young people in the new subjects of the Russian Federation. Identity, especially its group form, is a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that creates a sense of belonging to a certain community. States in the modern world strive to exert a comprehensive influence on the creation of a national (civil) identity, the result of the formation and maintenance of which is a decrease in conflict potential and polarization of society.

Methodology and methods. The key approach is social constructivism, which allows us to study urban and civil identity as a certain construct that changes in accordance with the influence ofinternal and external factors. The data are based on 12 in-depth interviews with young people living in Mariupol and Lugansk. Quotes from informants are used to confirm certain conclusions.

Analysis. An important factor in self-identification with a certain group is the image of the future, i.e. an assumption about development trends, determining one's place within the emerging picture of the world. The future has a significant impact on urban and national identity, determining multidirectional scenarios and behavior patterns of people included in certain communities. Urban identity is strengthened, externally positioned in a positive way, if residents of a particular city assume an optimistic future for it. In the opposite case, urban identity becomes less pronounced, a pronounced desire to leave the city and move to a more promising one is manifested.

Results. A conclusion was made about the ambivalent nature of public positioning of identity: the urban level in the domestic environment, the national level in the international one. Based on a survey on associations with the word "Motherland", the dominance of local identity was revealed for the youth of Lugansk and Mariupol.

Keywords: identity, self-identification, image of the future, civic identity, national identity, modern Russia.

Introduction. The article is devoted to determining the causes of the asymmetric development of countries in the modern international community with reference to the previous historical development of public thought. Geopolitical tensions on the world stage are particularly relevant to this topic today, as the largest countries enter the struggle for the role of a new world leader.

Materials and methods of research. The theoretical and methodological basis is the conceptual provisions of the theories of «stages of economic growth», «big push», and world-system analysis. The article uses historical and systematic research methods, and the author also refers to political economic analysis as a research method that allows tracing trends in social development in dynamics.

Analysis. Based on the analysis of some theories explaining the uneven development of countries, the author proves the need for an interdisciplinary approach in the study of country differences. Such an interdisciplinary approach is the world-system analysis, which determines the nature of relations between the central and peripheral countries through dependence relations. Based on the historical analysis of capitalist society, the world-system approach today makes it possible to understand the dynamics of society's development very clearly, and therefore to develop certain recommendations for its transformation.

Conclusions. The State today faces the task of actively managing economic and political development. Liberalism, followed by neoliberalism, have shown their inadequacy in the context of the relationship of domination and subordination, therefore it is necessary to search for a new management paradigm.

Keywords: developed countries, developing countries, world-system analysis, globalization, liberalism.

Introduction. The article analyzes the regional mortgage lending support programs in the Russian Federation from the perspective of their objects of influence, relevance and effectiveness. The current situation in the mortgage lending market creates prerequisites for more active involvement of regional budgets in support of the residential real estate market.

Methods. The key research methods are comparative and trend analysis. Information from official statistics, the Financial Institute for Housing Development DOM, was chosen as the data source. Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts and reports on the activities of the executive bodies of regional authorities in 2022 – early 2025.

Analysis. 12 mortgage lending support programs in 10 regions of Russia were analyzed. The reasons for the creation of regional support measures in addition to federal concessional lending programs have been identified, which primarily responded to the crisis in the post-pandemic economy, and secondly solved the most acute socio-economic problems of the region. Based on the categorization of the implemented regional programs of preferential mortgage lending by the object of influence to which the support of regional authorities is directed, three models of development of regional programs of preferential mortgage lending were identified: professionally oriented, familyoriented and expense-oriented model.

Results. The hypothesis about the significant impact of regional preferential mortgage lending programs on the socio-economic indicators of the region has only partially been confirmed. The family-oriented model showed the greatest effectiveness according to the given criteria. However, it is worth noting that several federal and regional support measures for young and large families are being implemented in the analyzed regions, which makes it impossible to assess the real contribution of regional mortgage programs. The analysis of the effectiveness of professional and expenditure-oriented models, which competed with one or two support measures in the region, turned out to be more objective. As a result, the professionally-oriented model showed a positive result in the form of an increase in IT specialists, and the expenditure-oriented model increased government employees in the region.

Keywords: housing mortgage lending, government support, mortgage, regional programs, Far Eastern mortgage, IT mortgage, development models, government financing.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the study of the impact of unmanned aerial vehicles on the development and organizational and economic interactions of agricultural enterprises. Rapid progress in the field of unmanned technologies opens up new opportunities for improving the efficiency of agricultural production, but their implementation is fraught with certain challenges related to organizational changes, investment costs and the need to adapt to new technologies. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of UAVs on various aspects of agricultural enterprises, identifying both the positive and negative sides of their use.

Methods. The methods used make it possible to understand the impact of UAVs on various aspects of the activities of agricultural enterprises. The work uses a system analysis to assess the relationship between the use of UAVs and key performance indicators of enterprises. To analyze the economic efficiency, a method was used to compare the costs and results of using UAVs and traditional methods. In addition, a qualitative analysis was conducted based on the study of the practice of using UAVs in agriculture, including the analysis of expert assessments and data from the reporting of enterprises. Data collection methods included the analysis of regulatory documents and scientific literature.

Analysis. The analysis is based on an understanding of the data obtained on the use of UAVs in various fields of agricultural production (crop monitoring, pesticide treatment, seeding, etc.). Special attention is paid to the analysis of the economic efficiency of using UAVs, taking into account the costs of purchasing and operating devices, increasing labor productivity and reducing the cost of other resources (for example, water, pesticides, fertilizers). The organizational aspects of UAV implementation are considered.

Results. Both the positive effects of using UAVs in agriculture (increasing yields, reducing resource costs, optimizing production processes) and limitations (high cost of initial investments, the need for special training of personnel, dependence on weather conditions) have been identified. The factors influencing the effectiveness of the implementation of UAVs have been identified. Recommendations are proposed for optimizing the process of introducing UAVs in agricultural enterprises, taking into account the identified features.

Keywords: UAVs, agriculture, precision farming, economic efficiency, organizational interactions, innovation, technological development.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the scientific search for a solution to the problem of the incompleteness of the process of adaptation of Russian business to contradictory trends in changing market conditions, one of which is the revival of the socially oriented model of doing business in Russia, and the other is the innovative and technological rise of the domestic digital economy. A change in the strategy of Russian business management is proposed as a promising solution.

Methods. Based on the methodological apparatus of the Systems Approach in Economics, a polycriterial comparative analysis of two existing focus strategies is carried out, one of which involves managing sustainable development, and the other – managing digital transformation, with a new strategy being developed, which achieves integrated management of sustainable development and digital transformation.

Analysis. The article proves the preferability of an integrated strategy for managing sustainable development and digital transformation of business in Russia due to its advantages: overcoming the limitations of existing strategies due to their narrow focus and achieving a broad focus of strategic business management, as well as improved coordination of management activities.

Results. The theoretical and methodological guidelines for an integrated strategy for managing sustainable development and digital transformation of business in Russia are set: making balanced management decisions, their intellectual support and systemic management of production factors. The advantages of the author's strategy are substantiated: a comprehensive strategic guideline – the complexity of business modernization in the unity of sustainability and high technology; coordination of corporate social, environmental responsibility and digitalization; growth of economic efficiency of business due to a reduction in resource consumption, as well as achieving a synergistic effect in the form of a more pronounced and simultaneouslyachievable increase in social, "green" and digital competitiveness.

Keywords: business management, management strategy, sustainability management, digitalization management, management modernization.